The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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北京市人大常委会


本市实施<中华人民共和国气象法>办法


（2005年12月1日北京市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议通过）


　　北京市人民代表大会常务委员会公告

　　第43号

　　《北京市实施〈中华人民共和国气象法〉办法》已由北京市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议于2005年12月1日通过,现予公布,自2006年3月1日起施行。

　　北京市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会

　　 2005年12月1日


　　第一章　　总则

　　第一条为了实施《中华人民共和国气象法》，结合本市实际情况，制定本办法。

　　第二条在本市行政区域内从事气象探测、预报、服务和气象灾害防御、气候资源利用、气象科学技术研究等活动，应当遵守《中华人民共和国气象法》和本办法。

　　第三条气象事业是科技型、基础性社会公益事业。

　　本市气象工作应当坚持公共气象、安全气象和资源气象的发展方向，为首都经济建设、社会发展、人民生活和国际交往以及重大活动提供气象服务。

　　第四条市和区、县人民政府应当加强对气象工作的领导和协调，将气象事业依法纳入同级国民经济和社会发展规划及财政预算，以保障其充分发挥为社会公众、政府决策和经济发展服务的功能。

　　市和区、县人民政府根据本地区社会经济发展的需要所建设的地方气象事业项目，其投资主要由本级财政承担。

　　第五条市和区、县气象主管机构在上级气象主管机构和本级人民政府的领导下，负责本行政区域内的气象工作。未设置气象主管机构的区，其气象工作由市气象主管机构负责。

　　发展改革、财政、规划、建设、水务、公安、安全生产、广播电视、通信等行政部门应当按照各自的职责做好与气象相关的工作。

　　第六条从事气象业务活动，应当遵守国家和本市制定的气象技术标准、规范和规程。

　　本市气象技术地方标准由市标准化行政部门组织制定和发布；气象技术规范和规程由市气象主管机构会同有关部门制定。

　　第七条本市鼓励和支持气象科学技术研究、气象科学知识普及，培养气象人才，推广先进的气象科学技术，保护气象科技成果，加强国际气象合作与交流，发展气象信息产业，提高气象工作水平。

　　对在气象工作中做出突出贡献的单位和个人，由市和区、县人民政府给予表彰和奖励。

　　第二章　　气象设施建设与气象探测环境保护

　　第八条市气象主管机构根据国家气象设施建设规划，组织有关部门编制本市气象设施建设规划，报市人民政府批准后实施；区、县气象主管机构根据本市气象设施建设规划，组织有关部门编制本地区气象设施建设规划，报本级人民政府批准后实施，并送市气象主管机构备案。

　　气象设施建设规划应当与城市规划相衔接。

　　第九条市和区、县人民政府应当加强规划市区、新城、人口居住密集区、开发区和气象灾害多发区等重点区域的气象设施建设。

　　第十条本市依法保护气象设施，任何组织或者个人不得侵占、损毁或者擅自移动气象设施。

　　确因实施城市规划或者国家重点工程建设，需要迁移国家基准气候站、基本气象站的，建设单位应当报经国务院气象主管机构批准；需要迁移其他气象台站的，建设单位应当报经市气象主管机构批准。迁建费用由建设单位承担。

　　迁移气象台站应当按照国家有关规定进行对比观测。迁移后的气象台站应当符合城市规划、气象设施建设布局以及气象探测环境的保护标准。

　　第十一条本市依法保护气象探测环境。市和区、县人民政府应当按照法定的保护标准划定气象探测环境的保护范围。气象探测环境保护范围应当向社会公布，并纳入城市规划或者村镇规划。

　　气象台站的气象探测环境不符合保护标准的，由市气象主管机构提出意见，市或者区、县人民政府组织有关部门进行治理。

　　第十二条新建、扩建、改建建设工程，应当避免危害气象探测环境；确实无法避免的，建设单位应当依法事先征得气象主管机构的同意，并采取相应的措施后，方可建设。

　　第十三条在气象探测环境保护范围内，禁止从事下列活动：

　　（一）设置障碍物，进行爆破、采砂石、焚烧等；

　　（二）种植影响气象探测的农作物、树木；

　　（三）设置影响气象探测设施工作效能的高频电磁辐射装置；

　　（四）设置影响气象探测的热源、污染源等源体；

　　（五）其他影响气象探测的活动。

　　第三章　　气象预报与灾害性天气警报

　　第十四条本市公众气象预报和灾害性天气警报由气象主管机构所属的气象台站按照职责统一发布。其他任何组织或者个人不得向社会发布公众气象预报和灾害性天气警报。

　　市和区、县气象主管机构所属的气象台站（以下简称本市气象台站）应当提高公众气象预报和灾害性天气警报的准确性、及时性和服务水平。

　　本市的公众气象预报发布时间应当向社会公布。

　　第十五条本市气象台站应当为国家和本市举办的重大活动提供定时、定点气象预报，并根据天气变化情况及时补充或者订正。

　　第十六条市和区、县气象主管机构应当采取多种形式，方便公众查询和获取气象信息。

　　本市气象台站应当根据当地农业生产的特点和需要，及时主动提供气象信息服务。

　　第十七条本市气象台站应当根据需要，发布城市环境、交通、旅游、农业和火险气象等级等专业气象预报。

　　第十八条各级广播、电视台站和市人民政府指定的报纸、网站，应当安排专门的时间、频率、频道或者版面，每天播发或者刊登公众气象预报或者灾害性天气警报。

　　广播、电视播出单位应当根据本地区公众的视听习惯和收视效果确定气象预报节目的播发时间。因特殊情况确需改变播发时间的，应当事先征得有关气象台站的同意；对国计民生可能产生重大影响的灾害性天气警报和补充、订正的气象预报，应当及时增播或者插播。

　　本市气象台站负责制作气象预报节目，并应当保证其制作的气象预报节目的质量。

　　第十九条广播、电视、报纸、电信、网站等媒体以及其他信息载体向社会传播本市气象预报和灾害性天气警报的，应当使用气象主管机构所属的气象台站直接提供的适时气象信息，并标明发布时间和气象台站的名称。通过传播气象信息获得的收益，应当提取一部分支持气象事业的发展。

　　第二十条无线电管理机构和有关电信运营单位应当保障气象通信畅通，准确、及时地传递气象情报、气象预报和灾害性天气警报。

　　气象无线电专用频道和信道受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得挤占和干扰。

　　第四章　　气象灾害防御

　　第二十一条市和区、县人民政府应当加强气象灾害监测和预警系统建设，组织气象主管机构和其他有关部门，结合本地区气象灾害的特点，编制气象灾害防御规划，并采取有效措施，提高防御气象灾害的能力。

　　气象灾害防御规划应当主要包括以下内容：

　　（一）气象灾害防御的原则和目标；

　　（二）气象灾害状况、发展趋势预测和评估；

　　（三）气象灾害易发区域和重点防御区域；

　　（四）气象灾害防御的主要任务和措施；

　　（五）气象灾害防御设施建设。

　　第二十二条市和区、县人民政府应当根据防御气象灾害的需要和气象灾害防御规划，制定气象灾害应急预案，并根据气象灾害的严重性和紧急程度启动相应的应急预案，避免或者减轻气象灾害。

　　第二十三条市和区、县气象主管机构应当组织对重大灾害性天气的跨地区、跨部门的联合监测和预报工作，并对重大气象灾害作出评估，为本级人民政府组织防御和减轻气象灾害提供决策依据。

　　本市气象台站应当加强对可能影响本地区的暴雨（雪）、寒潮、大风（沙尘暴）、低温、高温、干旱、雷电、冰雹、霜冻和大雾等灾害性天气的监测和预报，并及时报告有关气象主管机构。

　　第二十四条市气象主管机构所属的气象台站根据灾害性天气的监测和预报，按照国家和本市的有关规定，向社会发布气象灾害预警信号。

　　第二十五条市和区、县气象主管机构可以利用机场、火车站、主要交通干道、旅游景区、繁华地区以及人员密集的公共场所设有的公共信息播发设施，播发灾害性天气警报信息。

　　第二十六条本市鼓励单位和个人及时向当地人民政府或者气象主管机构报告气象灾害。当地人民政府或者气象主管机构接到报告后，应当立即组织人员对气象灾害发生地区进行现场调查，并及时向上级人民政府或者上级气象主管机构报告。

　　第二十七条市和区、县人民政府应当根据干旱、冰雹等气象预报或者灾害性天气警报，按照《人工影响天气管理条例》规定，安排人工影响天气作业，防御或者减轻气象灾害。

　　人工影响天气作业的单位应当建立、健全安全作业责任制，采取安全保障措施，确保作业安全。

　　第二十八条下列场所和设施，应当安装雷电灾害防护装置（以下简称防雷装置）：

　　（一）《建筑物防雷设计规范》规定的第一、二、三类防雷建筑物；

　　（二）计算机信息系统、通讯设施、广播电视设施、自控和监控设施；

　　（三）石油、化工、燃气等易燃易爆物资的生产、储运、输送、销售等场所和设施；

　　（四）露天的大型娱乐、游乐、体育设施；

　　（五）国家和本市规定应当安装防雷装置的其他场所和设施。

　　安装的防雷装置应当符合国家规定的使用要求。

　　第二十九条防雷工程专业设计和施工、防雷装置检测单位，应当按照国家规定，取得相应的资质，并在资质等级范围内从事设计、施工和检测。

　　防雷装置的设计应当进行审核，未经审核同意，不得交付施工；防雷装置竣工应当进行验收，验收不合格的，不得投入使用。防雷装置的设计审核和竣工验收，按照国家有关规定执行。

　　安装的防雷装置应当按照国家有关规定定期进行检测。

　　第五章　　气候资源开发利用和保护

　　第三十条气候资源的开发利用和保护应当坚持可持续发展的原则，合理开发、综合利用、因地制宜、趋利避害，防止破坏气候资源。

　　第三十一条市和区、县人民政府应当加强气候资源开发利用和保护工作，组织开发和推广效益显著的气候资源利用项目。

　　第三十二条市气象主管机构应当加强气候资源的综合调查、区划工作，组织进行气候监测、分析、评价，并对可能引起气候恶化的大气成分进行监测，定期发布全市气候状况公报。

　　第三十三条本市鼓励单位和个人充分利用太阳能、风能等气候资源；在农村地区因地制宜推广应用户用太阳能、小型风能等技术。

　　第三十四条城市规划、重点建设工程、重大区域性经济开发项目和大型太阳能、风能等气候资源开发利用项目应当依法进行气候可行性论证。

　　气候可行性论证由气象主管机构组织。

　　第三十五条人工影响天气机构应当加强人工影响天气的科学技术研究，在适宜的气象条件下实施人工影响天气作业，开发云水资源，增加水资源量。

　　第六章　　法律责任

　　第三十六条违反本办法第十条规定，侵占、损毁或者未经批准擅自移动气象设施的，由气象主管机构责令停止违法行为，限期恢复原状或者采取其他补救措施，可以并处5万元以下罚款；造成损失的，依法承担赔偿责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

　　第三十七条违反本办法第十三条规定，在气象探测环境保护范围内从事危害气象探测环境活动的，由气象主管机构责令停止违法行为，限期恢复原状或者采取其他补救措施，可以并处5万元以下罚款；造成损失的，依法承担赔偿责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

　　第三十八条违反本办法第十四条第一款规定，非法向社会发布公众气象预报或者灾害性天气警报的，由气象主管机构责令改正，给予警告，可以并处5万元以下罚款。

　　第三十九条违反本办法第十九条规定，广播、电视、报纸、电信、网站等媒体以及其他信息载体向社会传播本市气象预报或者灾害性天气警报，未使用气象主管机构所属的气象台站直接提供的适时气象信息的，由气象主管机构责令改正，给予警告，可以并处5万元以下罚款。

　　第四十条违反本办法第二十八条规定，应当安装防雷装置而拒不安装的，以及安装不符合使用要求的防雷装置的，由气象主管机构责令限期改正，并按照国家和本市的有关规定依法处理。

　　第四十一条市和区、县气象主管机构对违反有关气象法律、法规和规章的行为予以行政处罚的，应当及时将有关单位的违法行为信息记入本市企业信用信息系统。

　　第四十二条本市气象工作人员由于玩忽职守，导致重大漏报、错报公众气象预报、灾害性天气警报，以及丢失或者毁坏原始气象探测资料、伪造气象资料等事故的，依法给予行政处分；致使国家利益和人民生命财产遭受重大损失，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

　　第七章　　附则

　　第四十三条本办法中下列用语的含义是：

　　（一）地方气象事业项目，是指市和区、县人民政府根据本地区经济社会发展的需要建设的气象探测系统、气象通信系统、气象信息处理系统、气象预报系统、气象灾害监测预警系统、气象服务系统、人工影响天气、气候资源开发利用和保护等项目。

　　（二）气象灾害预警信号，是指由有发布权的气象台站为有效防御和减轻突发气象灾害而向社会公众发布的警报信息图标。

　　第四十四条本办法自2006年3月1日起施行。